Optics & Refraction
Visual Acuity
How to assess vision in a preschool child.
**Visual acuity testing in preschool children.
***Discuss the techniques for evaluation of visual acuity from birth to 3 years of age.
****Give various milestones in vision development in a child. Enumerate four important tests for visual activity testing in preverbal children and children between 3-6 years with one merit and demerit of each test.
a. What is Visual Acuity (VA)? (2+2+2+4)
b. How do you measure Visual Acuity in children?
c. What are the shortcomings of testing VA by Snellen’s chart?
d. Describe in detail other modalities of VA assessment with their advantages over the use of Snellen’s chart?
How will you evaluate visual function in a patient with opaque media? (10)
51. **Principles, composition, clinical applications and advantages of an ETDRS visual acuity chart. (2+2+3+3)
Reduced Eye
What is Donder’s reduced eye? What are the cardinal points? (2+8)
Describe schematic and reduced eye with help of diagrams.
Auto refraction
What are the pitfalls in autorefraction and how to correct them?
**Principles, pitfalls and procedure of autorefraction.
Color vision
Various type of colour vision deficiency.
**Write a short note on color vision indicating the cone pigments, the primary colors, the attributes of color and anomalies of color vision. 2+2+3+3
Accommodation
Define accommodation and convergences.
**Mechanism of accommodation and clinical accommodative problems.
***What is accommodation? Explain its clinical importance with the help of diagram(s). 2+3+5
Ophthalmoscopy
Priniciples of direct Ophthalmoscope.
Draw optics of +90D biomicroscopy. How will you calculate the magnifications?
***Give labelled diagram of optics of 90D for retinal examination. Give the advantages and disadvantages of retinal examination with respect to use of 20D lens.
**What is magnification achieved by indirect ophthalmoscopy and 90 D biomicroscopic examination and discuss advantages and indications of both the procedures.
**a) What is the Principle of Indirect Ophthalmology (IDO)?
b) What are the Various Lenses used for doing IDO and what are their advantages and
disadvantages?
c) Describe the Lenses used for viewing the central retina on a slit lamp biomicroscope.
Test
Macular function tests.
**Various macular function test.
Describe electroretinography.
**What is ERG? Mention various types of ERG and their uses in ophthalmology.
Refraction
Various refractive procedures.
Write various methods of correction of myopia and their advantages and disadvantages.
Classify hypermetropia. How will you prescribe glasses in a 20 year old male with hypermetropia.
***Define range and amplitude of accommodation. Define manifest and latent hypermetropia. What are the different ways to uncover the latent hypermetropia?
**Discuss the workup of a patient planned for refractive surgery. Give relevance of each investigation. What are the absolute contradictions for laser refractive surgery?
Retinoscopy
Define Retinoscopy. What are its principles and its types? What inferences are drawn while doing retinoscopy with plain and concave mirrors? (1+3+6)
Astigmatism
Describe the types of astigmatism and their management. (5+5)
Describe optics of 'Jack in the Box’ phenomenon. How can you prevent it? 5+5
What is a cross cylinder? Where all is it used during refractions? How can you create a cross cylinder by using lenses from the trial set, please explain giving an example. 2+4+4
**What is sturm conoid? Explain its clinical importance with the help of diagram(s). 3+3+4
Draw the strum’s conoid indicating the cross sections at different intervals, and the interval of Strum giving its clinical applications. 4+4+2
Computer Vision Syndrome
Describe the role of computer in ophthalmology. Enumerate the various methods to enhance visibility for patient with low vision.
What is computer vision syndrome? Describe its causes and management.
Aberration
Describe low and high order aberration and mention the role of wave front analysis in LASIK.
**List various aberrations of the eye. What are higher order aberrations and give basic principle of WF related refractive surgery?
***What are spherical aberrations? How do the spectacle lenses induce these aberrations? What modifications are done to minimize these spectacle induced aberrations? 3+3+4
****a) Describe in brief various aberrations of the optical system of the eye.
b) What are the various corrective mechanisms built in the eye to overcome these?
Slit Lamp Examination
Enumerate various methods of slit lamp examination and describe indications and procedures for specular reflection.
Draw a slit lamp optical section diagram of the crystalline lens showing the different nuclei and zones. Also describe the implications of embryological development of the capsule. 7+3
Contrast Sensitivity
Describe the principles of contrast sensitivity (CS).Describe various method of measuring CS testing and its role in various ocular condition.
**Discuss the principles of contrast sensitivity. Give various methods of contrast sensitivity testing and its role in ocular disorders.
Prisms
Describe in brief four clinical uses of prisms in ophthalmology. What are Fresnel prisms and mention one important application of these types of prisms? Give principle of induction of prismatic effect through spectacle lens,
**What is Prism? Explain the refraction of light through a prism. What are the uses of prism in ophthalmological practice? 2+4+4
***Describe clinical and therapeutic uses of prisms in ophthalmology. (10)
Miscellaneous
Principle, optics and clinical application of Bagolini striated glass.
28. What is Badal’s principle? Discuss its relevance to focimetry? (5+5)
DNB Topic Wise Question Bank (2009-2015)
JUN 2009
1. How to assess vision in a preschool child.
2. Draw optics of +90D biomicroscopy. How will you calculate the magnifications?
3. What are the pitfalls in autorefraction and how to correct them?
DEC 2009
4. Macular function tests.
5. Priniciples of direct Ophthalmoscope.
6. Define accommodation and convergences.
7. Describe electroretinography.
JUN 2010
8. Various type of colour vision deficiency.
9. **Various macular function test.
10. **Visual acuity testing in preschool children.
11. Various refractive procedures.
12. Principle, optics and clinical application of Bagolini striated glass.
13. **Mechanism of accommodation and clinical accommodative problems.
14. Describe schematic and reduced eye with help of diagrams.
15. Describe the role of computer in ophthalmology. Enumerate the various methods to enhance visibility for patient with low vision.
16. Describe low and high order aberration and mention the role of wave front analysis in LASIK.
DEC 2010
17. **Principles, pitfalls and procedure of autorefraction.
18. Classify hypermetropia. How will you prescribe glasses in a 20 year old male with hypermetropia.
19. Write various methods of correction of myopia and their advantages and disadvantages.
20. **What is magnification achieved by indirect ophthalmoscopy and 90 D biomicroscopic examination and discuss advantages and indications of both the procedures.
21. **What is ERG? Mention various types of ERG and their uses in ophthalmology.
22. Enumerate various methods of slit lamp examination and describe indications and procedures for specular reflection.
23. What is computer vision syndrome? Describe its causes and management.
JUN 2011
24. Draw the strum’s conoid indicating the cross sections at different intervals, and the interval of Strum giving its clinical applications. 4+4+2
25. **Write a short note on color vision indicating the cone pigments, the primary colors, the attributes of color and anomalies of color vision. 2+2+3+3
26. Draw a slit lamp optical section diagram of the crystalline lens showing the different nuclei and zones. Also describe the implications of embryological development of the capsule. 7+3
DEC 2011
27. Describe the types of astigmatism and their management. (5+5)
28. What is Badal’s principle? Discuss its relevance to focimetry? (5+5)
29. How will you evaluate visual function in a patient with opaque media? (10)
JUN 2012
30. ***Define range and amplitude of accommodation. Define manifest and latent hypermetropia. What are the different ways to uncover the latent hypermetropia?
31. ***Discuss the techniques for evaluation of visual acuity from birth to 3 years of age.
32. **Discuss the workup of a patient planned for refractive surgery. Give relevance of each investigation. What are the absolute contradictions for laser refractive surgery?
33. ***Give labelled diagram of optics of 90D for retinal examination. Give the advantages and disadvantages of retinal examination with respect to use of 20D lens.
34. Describe the principles of contrast sensitivity (CS).Describe various method of measuring CS testing and its role in various ocular condition.
DEC 2012
35. ****Give various milestones in vision development in a child. Enumerate four important tests for visual activity testing in preverbal children and children between 3-6 years with one merit and demerit of each test.
36. Describe in brief four clinical uses of prisms in ophthalmology. What are Fresnel prisms and mention one important application of these types of prisms? Give principle of induction of prismatic effect through spectacle lens,
37. **Discuss the principles of contrast sensitivity. Give various methods of contrast sensitivity testing and its role in ocular disorders.
38. . **List various aberrations of the eye. What are higher order aberrations and give basic principle of WF related refractive surgery?
JUN 2013
39. ***What are spherical aberrations? How do the spectacle lenses induce these aberrations? What modifications are done to minimize these spectacle induced aberrations? 3+3+4
40. Describe optics of 'Jack in the Box’ phenomenon. How can you prevent it? 5+5
41. What is a cross cylinder? Where all is it used during refractions? How can you create a cross cylinder by using lenses from the trial set, please explain giving an example. 2+4+4
DEC 2013
42. **What is Prism? Explain the refraction of light through a prism. What are the uses of prism in ophthalmological practice? 2+4+4
43. ***What is accommodation? Explain its clinical importance with the help of diagram(s). 2+3+5
44. **What is sturm conoid? Explain its clinical importance with the help of diagram(s). 3+3+4
JUN 2014
45. **a) What is the Principle of Indirect Ophthalmology (IDO)?
b) What are the Various Lenses used for doing IDO and what are their advantages and disadvantages?
c) Describe the Lenses used for viewing the central retina on a slit lamp biomicroscope.
46. ****a) Describe in brief various aberrations of the optical system of the eye.
b) What are the various corrective mechanisms built in the eye to overcome these?
DEC 2014
47.
a. What is Visual Acuity (VA)? (2+2+2+4)
b. How do you measure Visual Acuity in children?
c. What are the shortcomings of testing VA by Snellen’s chart?
d. Describe in detail other modalities of VA assessment with their advantages over the use of Snellen’s chart?
48. Define Retinoscopy. What are its principles and its types? What inferences are drawn while doing retinoscopy with plain and concave mirrors? (1+3+6)
49. What is Donder’s reduced eye? What are the cardinal points? (2+8)
50. ***Describe clinical and therapeutic uses of prisms in ophthalmology. (10)
JUN 2015
51. **Principles, composition, clinical applications and advantages of an ETDRS visual acuity chart.
(2+2+3+3)
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