ASTRONOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
1. Sunset sign
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| Inferior subluxation of lens |
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| Sinking look of eyes in infantile hydrocephalus due to upgaze paresis |
2. Satellite lesions-
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Dry looking corneal ulcer with satellite lesions in surrounding cornea in fungal keratitis. |
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| Newly active necrotising retinitis adjacent to old scars in toxoplasmosis. |
3. Asteroid hyalosis-
Round yellow white calcium globules in vitreous
4. Sunburst lesion-
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| Pigmented black patch in retina as seen in resolved haemorrhage Sickle cell retinopathy |
5. Macular star -
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| Star shaped exudation around macula in hypertensive retinopathy, neuroretinitis, diabetes etc |
6. Pie in the sky-
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| Superior quadrantanopsia in temporal lobe lesion |
7. Macular hole –
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| Defect of foveal retina involving its full thickness |
AREAS in Ophthalmology
1. Bjerrum’s area-
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| 10° to 20° area of visual field vulnerable for glaucomatous damage |
2. Broadmann area-
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| Brain area no. 17, 18, 19 dealing with visual processing signals |
3. Panum’s area-
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| Area of binocular vision without diplopia along the horopter |
4. Traquair island-
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| Island of normal vision with varying visual sensations |
5. Geographical ulcer-
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| Large viral corneal ulcer (Geographic corneal ulcer caused by herpes simplex virus keratitis. ) |
6. Geographical atrophy-
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| Late stage of DRY ARMD age related macular degeneration |
HOUSEHOLD ITEMS in Ophthalmology
1. Bread crumb appearance – Complicated posterior subcapsular cataract
2. Cotton wool exudates- Fluffy white patches caused by damage to nerve fibre in infarction of retina (Diabetes, HT, AIDS) due to accumulation of axoplasmic material within the NFL.
3. Cotton cheese appearance- Regression of retinoblastoma, CMV retinitis
4. Cellophane maculopathy- Epiretinal membrane
5. Copper wire- Arteriosclerosis of retinal arterioles seen in Grade III hypertensive retinopathy
6. Candle wax drippings- Exudation along retinal vessels in sarcoidosis
7. Fish Flesh- Regression of retinoblastoma in large size
8. Snowball opacities - Retinal granuloma in sarcoidosis and pars planitis
9. Silver wire –Retinal arteries in arteriosclerosis seen in Grade IV hypertensive retinopathy
10. Salt and pepper retinopathy- In congenital syphilis, rubella
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