OPTICS, REFRACTION & INSTRUMENTS
DNB QUESTION BANK 2009-2019
TOPICS
OPTICS
VISUAL ACUITY
Visual acuity in pre verbal children - its relevance and methods of evaluation. Clarify concept of critical period of visual development. (2008)
How will you assess visual acuity in infants and preschool children? (2006) (2001)
COLOR VISION
a) Theories of color vision b) Methods of color vision evaluation (4+6) D2017
Write a short note on color vision indicating the cone pigments, the primary colors, the attributes of color and anomalies of color vision. (2+2+3+3) J2011
Various type of color vision deficiency. J2010
Color vision. (2000)
Describe theories of color vision and genetics of color blindness. (2008) (2003)
Acquired color deficiency. (2001)
CONTRAST SENSITIVITY
a) What is contrast sensitivity? b) What are various methods to measure it? c) How do different types of intraocular lenses influence contrast sensitivity? (2+4+4) J2016
Describe the principles of contrast sensitivity (CS). Describe various method of measuring CS testing and its role in various ocular condition. D2012, J2012
Contrast Sensitivity. (2009) (2008) (2004) (2003) (2002) (1999)
REDUCED EYE
Describe schematic and reduced eye with help of diagrams. J2010
What is Donder’s reduced eye? What are the cardinal points? (2+8) D2014
PSEUDOPHAKIC EYE
Describe optics of a pseudophakic eye. (2008)
STRUM’S CONOID
Draw the strum’s conoid indicating the cross sections at different intervals, and the interval of Strum giving its clinical applications. 4+4+2 J2011
What is sturm conoid? Explain its clinical importance with the help of diagram(s). 3+3+4 D2013
a) Labelled diagram of Sturm’s conoid. 3 2017
Draw the strum’s conoid indicating the cross sections at different intervals, and the interval of Strum giving its clinical applications. (2011)
Strum’s conoid- illustrate with diagram. (2005)
ABERRATIONS
a) Describe in brief various aberrations of the optical system of the eye.
What are the various corrective mechanisms built in the eye to overcome these? J2014
a) What are spherical aberrations? b) What is negative and positive asphericity of cornea? Give one example of each.4+(4+2) D2016
What is computer vision syndrome? Describe its causes and management. D2010
Optical Aberrations in human eye. (2004)
REFRACTIVE ERROR
HYPERMETROPIA
a) Classification and components of hypermetropia. b) Approach for subjective verification of refraction. (4+6) J2017
a) Define hypermetropia and its components) How it effects accommodation and ocular alignment? [(1+3) +(3+3)]D2015
Define range and amplitude of accommodation. Define manifest and latent hypermetropia. What are the different ways to uncover the latent hypermetropia? J2012
Classify hypermetropia. How will you prescribe glasses in a 20-year-old male with hypermetropia? D2010
Correction of hypermetropia and presbyopia. (2008)
Symptoms, effects, diagnosis and management of Hypermetropia. (2003)
MYOPIA
a) Etiology and classification of myopia b) Clinical features of pathological myopia [(3+3) +4] D2017 ,2002
Write various methods of correction of myopia and their advantages and disadvantages. D2010
ASTIGMATISM
Describe the types of astigmatism and their management. (5+5) D2011,2002
a) Labelled diagram of Sturm’s conoid. b) Classify astigmatisms with example. c) Methods to treat astigmatism. 3+3+4 J2017
APHAKIA
Problems of aphakic patient. (2002)
Disadvantages of Aphakic glasses. (2000)
ANOMALIES OF ACCOMMODATION
a) Discuss the disorders/anomalies of accommodation and their management. b) What is the clinical application of accommodation & convergence amplitude in subjective prescription of glasses? (6+4) D2019(GUWAHATI)
Describe the principles of management of accommodation anomalies by surgery. 10 J2011
Define accommodation and convergences (2009)
Define Accommodative Convergence: Accommodation (AC: A) Ratio. What is the normal? Value and name the methods to measure it? (2007)
Accommodation-convergence. (2000)
INSTRUMENTS
OPERATING MICROSCOPE
Optics of operating microscope with neat labeled diagram (10) D2017
Describe with diagrams the optics of operating microscope. (2003)
SLIT LAMP
Enumerate various methods of slit lamp examination and describe indications and procedures for specular reflection.D2010
Transillumination - types and clinical application in ophthalmology. (2008)
Transillumination of iris in eye diseases. (2005)
DO
Principles of direct Ophthalmoscope. D2009,2001
IDO
Describe the Lenses used for viewing the central retina on a slit lamp biomicroscope. J2014
What is magnification achieved by indirect ophthalmoscopy and 90 D biomicroscopic examination and discuss advantages and indications of both the procedures. D2010
a) What is the Principle of Indirect Ophthalmology (IDO)?
b) What are the Various Lenses used for doing IDO and what are their advantages and disadvantages? J2010
Describe with Diagrams the optics of Indirect Ophthalmoscope. (2005) (2004)
+90D, + 20D
Give labelled diagram of optics of 90D for retinal examination. Give the advantages and disadvantages of retinal examination with respect to use of 20D lens. J2012
Draw optics of +90D biomicroscopy. How will you calculate the magnifications? D2009
RETINOSCOPY
a) Retinoscopy - types & technique. b) Subjective correction (prescription of glasses) in patients aged 15 years and 50 years. (1+3+3+3) D2019, 2000
Define Retinoscopy. What are its principles and its types? What inferences are drawn while doing retinoscopy with plain and concave mirrors? (1+3+6) D2014
a) Principle and optics of retinoscopy. b) What are the problems of retinoscopy? (6+4) J2016
AR
What are the pitfalls in autorefraction and how to correct them? D2010, D2009
Retinoscopic refraction versus Auto-refractometer. (2002)
STENOPIC SLIT/ PINHOLE
Optics and uses of pinhole and stenopic slit. (2002)
PRISMS
Describe clinical and therapeutic uses of prisms in ophthalmology. (10) D2014
What is Prism? Explain the refraction of light through a prism. What are the uses of prism in ophthalmological practice?(2+4+4) D2013
Describe in brief four clinical uses of prisms in ophthalmology. What are Fresnel prisms and mention one important application of these types of prisms? Give principle of induction of prismatic effect through spectacle lens, D2012
Use of prisms in ophthalmology. (2003) (1999)
Therapeutic uses of Prisms. (2001)
Fresnel’s Prisms. (2007)
CROSS CYLINDER
What is a cross cylinder? Where all is it used during refractions? How can you create a cross cylinder by using lenses from the trial set, please explain giving an example? 2+4+4 J2013
BAGOLINI’S STRIATED GLASS
Principle, optics and clinical application of Bagolini’s striated glass. J2010
SPECTACLES
a) Types of lenses used in spectacle & their advantages. b) Uses of prisms in Ophthalmology. 5+5 D2019 (GUWAHATI)
a) Progressive glasses design b) When to use it and advantages over conventional glasses? 6+4 J2018
a) What are the different designs of bifocal spectacle lens? b) Give 2 advantages and disadvantages of each type. c) What is the best design to minimize these pitfalls? 3+4+3 D2016
What are spherical aberrations? How do the spectacle lenses induce these aberrations? What modifications are done to minimize these spectacle induced aberrations? 3+3+4 J2013
Describe optics of 'Jack in the Box’ phenomenon. How can you prevent it? 5+5 J2013
FOCIMETER
What is Badal’s principle? Discuss its relevance to focimetry? (5+5) D2011
LVA
Describe the role of computer in ophthalmology. Enumerate the various methods to enhance visibility for patient with low vision. J2010
Describe management options for a 60-year old patient suffering from age related macular degeneration with visual acuity of 3/60 in both eyes. Discuss options for visual rehabilitation of patient. 5+5 J2019
a) Categories of low vision and classification low vision aids (LVA). b) Evaluation of a patient with low vision. 2+3+5D2018
Optical and non - optical Aids in correction of low vision. (2008)
Visual Rehabilitation in Macular Pathology Patients. (2005)
Low vision aids. (2005) (2002) (2000)
Visual Rehabilitation of Blind. (2005)
How do you prescribe low vision aids? (2002)
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